Manne's 2017 book "Down Girl" shifted the definition from personal hatred of women to a system of policing. Under this view, misogyny is less about how a man feels and more about the consequences a woman faces when she seeks power, refuses a demand or speaks out. It explains why outspoken women often face harassment that men in the same roles do not.
Misogyny takes many forms in the US, from online abuse campaigns to violence. It is a recurring theme in the manifestos of several mass shooters, and researchers have linked online misogynist communities to radicalization.
Misogyny looks different depending on race. Scholar Moya Bailey coined the term misogynoir in 2008 for the specific mix of anti-Black racism and misogyny that Black women face, such as being stereotyped as angry or as needing less care. Anti-racist work treats these as connected systems.